Life Issues

Life Issues Archives (Page takes over a minute to download on 56.6 k modem but there are heaps of articles in here - click and go make yourself a cuppa)

Current Life Issues

Alive and Kicking Gianna Jessen an Abortion Survivor

Adult Stem Cells Offer "Practical Hope" to Patients

Teenage Girls Failing to Heed Contraception Advice

There's No Such Thing as Mercy Killing

Ethical Issues Regarding Post-Fertilization Effects of Oral Contraceptives

Does the Birth Control Pill Cause Abortions?

The Case Against Assisted Suicide

New Study Shows Abortion Increases Depression Risks

Abortion Facility Prohibits Mother From Seeing Daughter Before Abortion

The Silent Holocaust

Life Issues Archives

YES! The unborn baby is alive from the moment of fertilization.
YES! The unborn baby has a heartbeat at three weeks and brain waves at six weeks.
YES! The unborn baby is complete! He or she is programmed from the inside for an ongoing process of growth and development.
YES! The unborn baby has 46 chromosomes in the cells of his or her body -- the scientifically verifiable human genetic code.
YES! the answer is clear... You were you from the moment of fertilization -- a unique human being never to be repeated in all of history.

Nothing magic occurs at birth which suddenly makes an unborn baby human. The baby is the same baby, whether inside or outside the uterus.

Every unborn baby is a complete, individual, living human being from the earliest moment of his or her existence at fertilization.

Follow this link for more on 'when does life begin? '

http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/wdlb/wdlb.html

Alive and Kicking Gianna Jessen An Abortion Survivor tells her Story

Gianna Jessen

Testimony of abortion survivor Gianna Jessen before the Constitution Subcommittee of the House Judiciary Committee on April 22, 1996:

My name is Gianna Jessen. I am 19 years of age. I am originally from California, but now reside in Franklin, Tennessee. I am adopted. I have cerebral palsy. My biological mother was 17 years old and seven and one-half months pregnant when she made the decision to have a saline abortion. I am the person she aborted. I lived instead of died.

Fortunately for me the abortionist was not in the clinic when I arrived alive, instead of dead, at 6:00 a.m. on the morning of April 6, 1977. I was early, my death was not expected to be seen until about 9 a.m., when he would probably be arriving for his office hours. I am sure I would not be here today if the abortionist would have been in the clinic as his job is to take life, not sustain it. Some have said I am a "botched abortion", a result of a job not well done.

There were many witnesses to my entry into this world. My biological mother and other young girls in the clinic, who also awaited the death of their babies, were the first to greet me. I am told this was a hysterical moment. Next was a staff nurse who apparently called emergency medical services and had me transferred to a hospital.

I remained in the hospital for almost three months. There was not much hope for me in the beginning. I weighed only two pounds. Today, babies smaller than I was have survived.

A doctor once said I had a great will to live and that I fought for my life. I eventually was able to leave the hospital and be placed in foster care. I was diagnosed with cerebral palsy as a result of the abortion.

My foster mother was told that it was doubtful that I would ever crawl or walk. I could not sit up independently. Through the prayers and dedication of my foster mother, and later many other people, I eventually learned to sit up, crawl, then stand. I walked with leg braces and a walker shortly before I turned age four. I was legally adopted by my foster mother's daughter, Diana De Paul, a few months after I began to walk. The Department of Social Services would not release me any earlier for adoption.

I have continued in physical therapy for my disability, and after a total of four surgeries, I can now walk without assistance. It is not always easy. Sometimes I fall, but I have learned how to fall gracefully after falling 19 years.

I am happy to be alive. I almost died. Every day I thank God for life. I do not consider myself a by-product of conception, a clump of tissue, or any other of the titles given to a child in the womb. I do not consider any person conceived to be any of those things.

Adult Stem Cells Offer "Practical Hope" to Patients

From: The Pro-Life Infonet Weekly Source: National Review; March 15, 2003

By Wesley J. Smith

Pro-Life Infonet Note: Wesley J. Smith is a senior fellow at the Discovery Institute. His next book will be A Consumer's Guide to Brave New World, to be published by Encounter Books]

The game may almost be up. No, not Saddam's duplicitous charade, although his tyrannical regime seems to be on the brink of a much-needed dismantling. Rather, the New York Times has prominently reported a story about an apparently successful treatment of a human patient with his own adult stem cells. Perhaps now the stubborn assertion by Big Biotech and some patient groups that the future of regenerative medicine lies primarily with embryonic stem cells and therapeutic cloning is finally beginning to unravel.

Here's the scoop: On February 1, a three-inch nail pierced 16-year-old Dimitri Bonnville's heart. The injury was severe. Then, Bonnville suffered a serious heart attack, putting his life at real risk. Since the accident, his heart had, according to doctors, "shown progressive degeneration," and his "ejection fraction, a common measure of the heart's function, had fallen from a normal value of more than 65 percent to a mere 25 percent." (Ejection-fraction measures the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each beat.)

Luckily for Bonnville, his physicians were planning to begin a clinical trial using adult stem cells to repair damaged hearts. But Bonnville's need was immediate. And, being young and otherwise healthy, he seemed the perfect subject. So, his doctors developed a "one patient protocol," in which they undertook to treat the teenager with his own tissues.

Stem cells were first extracted and isolated from Bonnville's blood. Then, they were injected into the coronary artery that supplies blood to the heart. A few days later, doctors noted an astonishing improvement. Bonnville's ejection fraction had risen to 35 percent, despite previous tests revealing that Bonnville had "no viable heart muscle" in the affected area

. Of course, one patient does not a new cure make. It will still be months before tests confirm that Bonnville is rebuilding heart muscle. Moreover, it will take much more research -- with animals and in human clinical trials -- before adult-stem-cell therapies will be ready to be added to medicine's arsenal as a treatment for heart disease. Still, similar experiments in Germany and Hong Kong using bone-marrow stem cells have demonstrated that adult-stem-cell therapy appears to induce new heart muscle to grow in place of dead tissue -- something that until very recently doctors did not believe could happen.

The news of Bonnville's improvement was so good that the doctors felt compelled to hold a press conference about the matter. In what may prove to be a sea change, the New York Times reported the story with appropriate prominence. This was unexpected, given that the Gray Lady has too often ignored or underplayed previous adult-stem-cell successes while touting less impressive experiments using embryonic stem cells in animals with great enthusiasm.

A good case in point was the Times's dismaying failure last April to cover a major adult-stem-cell success story involving a Parkinson's disease patient, a California man named Dennis Turner. As reported by Dr. Michel F. Levesque to the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, the California neurosurgeon had treated Turner for his progressing Parkinson's with Turner's own neural stem cells. First, a pea-sized sample of tissue was removed from Turner's brain. Then, stem cells in the tissue were isolated and cultured into the millions. Finally, the cells were injected back into Turner's brain. One year after the procedure, the patient's symptoms were reduced by more than 80 percent -- even though Turner was treated in only one brain lobe.

I interviewed both Turner and Dr. Levesque about this astonishing experiment. Had the Parkinson's progressed as expected, they both told me, Turner would be expected to require heavy medication to treat his symptoms and would likely be using a wheelchair in which he would have to be strapped. Instead, he takes only minimal medication -- less than he was using when he received the experimental treatment -- and his symptoms remain decidedly mild. Indeed, Turner told me that he only experiences minor hand trembling, and then only when he is under stress or very tired. The proof of how his life has improved is that, when I interviewed him last September, Turner was in the midst of planning a trip to the South Seas to participate in a great-white-shark photography expedition -- something he is convinced he would be unable to do but for receiving the stem-cell procedure.

Once again, it must be stressed that one patient does not a cure make. It is possible that Turner's disease would not have followed the usual progression; furthermore, there may be another reason for his apparent remission. Still, there is no denying that Turner's results offer great reason for optimism. Levesque has been authorized by the FDA to conduct further human trials once certain animal studies have been completed and his laboratory has been upgraded.

Cases such as Bonnville's and Turner's, while still isolated, are becoming increasingly common. Tremendous strides are being made in animal studies and now in human patients, harnessing adult stem cells and other tissues -- such as nasal mucosa -- as medicine for degenerative conditions. In contrast, embryonic stem cells remain many years from the first human trials -- if they can ever be conducted at all. It is too dangerous to use embryonic stem cells in humans because they tend to cause tumors. Moreover, they may be rejected by the body's autoimmune system. As for so-called "therapeutic cloning," which some look to in order to overcome the rejection -- but not the tumor -- problem: The New York Times itself on January 5 ran an article concluding that any medical benefit to be obtained from cloned human embryos, even if it can be done, is "all in the distant future."

Some patients with degenerative conditions have taken notice of the growing list of adult-stem-cell research successes. Among these is James Kelly, who became paraplegic after a terrible auto accident. No longer able to work as a railroad dispatcher, Kelly is now a committed patient-advocate who spends 10-14 hours a day researching regenerative medicine and potential treatments for his nerve injury.

He used to support embryonic-stem-cell research -- even writing a letter to President Bush in support of federal funding. But he has since changed his mind. Based on extensive reading and investigation, Kelly is thoroughly convinced that his best hope to walk again is to be found in using his own adult tissues as medicine. He also believes that outlawing all human cloning, while certainly the moral course, is also the pragmatic one that offers people like him the best opportunity for treatment in the shortest period of time.

"We don't have to go down long paths that will probably not lead to any cures simply for the sake of leaving no stone unturned," he told me, with passion in his voice. "What we have to do is use our limited resources efficiently. Money spent on embryonic-stem-cell research and human cloning is money that cannot be spent on [investigating] adult stem cells. And that means that the cures that I believe are available will be slower in reaching the patients that need them."

He has testified to this effect repeatedly in recent years before state and federal legislative committees. Unfortunately, because Kelly is not a movie star, his voice has often been ignored. But his words are worth heeding. He has as much at stake as do celebrity advocates like Christopher Reeve and Michael J. Fox, who make headlines taking the contrary view. Moreover, having personally researched these issues intensively for years, he possesses greater depth and scope of knowledge about these issues than any of his famous counterparts.

Unfortunately, the biotech-research establishment and the patient groups it has influenced are not yet ready to take Kelly's sage advice and abandon research into human cloning. But the trend-line of the research results is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore. As Kelly has repeatedly asserted, the shortest and most likely route to the creation of a thriving regenerative medical industry appears to lie not with embryonic stem cells derived from human cloning, but with adult stem cells and other non-embryonic tissues.

This is tremendous news. A new era appears to be dawning in which our own cells will be the sources of very potent medicine. Rather than having to choose between morality and the wonders of regenerative medicine, it increasingly looks like we can have both.

Teenage Girls Failing to Heed Contraception Advice

Source: Press Association
October 3, 2002, Thursday
BYLINE: Julie Wheldon, Health Correspondent, PA news

Researchers in London, England, investigating the sexual behavior of girls under the age of 16 discovered evidence that the girls do not heed contraception advice. In the most shocking example, one girl had been pregnant 10 times. Her case came to light when researchers examined the records of 144 girls aged between 12 and 16 who had visited a sexual diseases clinic in London. The Sun reports that the girl first fell pregnant at 12 and kept two of the babies, had three abortions and lost the other five through miscarriages. It is not known if the same man was responsible each time.

The research found that two-thirds of the clients aged under 16 who attended the clinic in south east London over the course of two months had a sexually transmitted disease (STD).

Three-quarters of the 144 girls seen were not using any form of contraception and 19% were pregnant at the time. Most of the girls had been pregnant at least once.

The main finding of the research, published in the journal Sexually Transmitted Infections, was that the group of teenage girls studied were three times more likely to have a sexually transmitted infection than older women.

The majority of the girls seen at the STD clinic knew about the dangers of sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies.

Most of the young women studied had been to the clinic before and it had not seemed to alter their behaviour.

"The young girls' partners didn't appear to value them," said Dr Sarah Creighton, who led the research.

The study is based on under 16-year-olds who visited the genitourinary medicine clinic at King's College Hospital in London during March and October 1998.

South east London has the highest abortion rate in England and treats 14% of the nation's gonorrhea sufferers.

Dr Creighton, said this meant the findings were not typical of the national picture.

She said: "This is a particularly deprived area with high levels of unwanted pregnancy anyway and other clinics normally do not see as many under 16s or even under 20-year-olds."

"They [the teens] knew about contraception and condoms but felt unable to ask their partners to use them," she said.

"There was evidence that their partners showed them less respect than the partners of older women."

STDs tend to produce more symptoms in men and 40% of women attending the clinics from other age groups said their partners had advised them to have a check up. In the teenagers studied just 8% said their partners had suggested they attend the clinic.

Dr Creighton said very few young men were seen at the clinic and ways of targeting this high risk group needed to be explored.

Press Association
October 3, 2002, Thursday
BYLINE: Julie Wheldon, Health Correspondent, PA news

There's No Such Thing as a Mercy Killing

By Mike Ervin
From: The Pro-Life Infonet Weekly

Source: Chicago Sun Times; July 21, 2002

Pro-Life Infonet Note: Mike Ervin lives in Chicago.]

Sometimes, in spite of my own perfectionist's resistance, I can't help but
feel moments of great satisfaction about the positive changes brought about
by the disability rights movement. And then along comes a newspaper story
about a so-called mercy killing.

The murderer is almost always a distraught care-giving relative who couldn't
take it any more. The killer's communities and defense attorneys rally around
them by describing those they killed with the most deeply dehumanizing terms
in the lexicon of victim-blaming. They were sufferers, they were helpless,
they were hopeless, they were burdens.

Most depressing and outrageous is when the press goes along for the ride by
giving this viewpoint the first bit of credence. The latest example is the
story of Carol Carr, 63, who was charged with two counts of murder last month
for shooting to death her two sons, Andy Byron Scott, 41, and Michael Randy
Scott, 42. Both men had Huntington's disease and were living in an
Atlanta-area nursing home.

The Chicago Tribune published a commentary in defense of Carr's alleged
actions. Lewis Whittington wrote of the "nightmarish" existence of living
with a "degenerative" disease. And what a parallel living hell it is, he
said, to have to be the one who lives with them, who has to bathe them and
move their limbs and dispose of their bodily waste.

When he talks about people with degenerative diseases, he's talking about me.
I have muscular dystrophy. I need someone every day to help me bathe and move
my limbs and dispose of my bodily waste. And when he talks about family
members who can't give them the help they need, he's talking about me too. My
mother loves me dearly as I love her. She would do anything for me. But she's
in her seventies and she just can't do everything I need.

So do I deserve a bullet in the brain?

The hell Whittington described is a hell of our own creation. I live in my
own condo and a state program pays for people to assist me at home under my
direction. My situation is light years away from hopeless. Hope comes in many
forms. For me it comes in the form of those who come assist me. Everyone
deserves these options that bring hope, whether it's pain management or
technology that facilitates communication or whatever.

But it makes me wonder how we ever reached the level of enlightenment
necessary to create such programs when we are still capable of treating
people like the Scott brothers with such profound contempt. When they need
help, we shrug and say it's a family responsibility. When it's too much for
the family, we offer no alternatives but surrender to a nursing home or
death. No wonder they perceive themselves as hopeless.

And then we mock their memories by dismissing their deaths with the
disdainful oxy-moron of mercy killing. We say killing a human being is murder
but killing them is something less.

How demoralizing it is to be reminded just how unwelcome people with
disabilities still are in our culture. We should use the death of the Scott
brothers to dedicate ourselves to creating the kind of supportive
society where no one is ever made to feel like a burden.

The Case Against Assisted Suicide

From: The Pro-Life Infonet Weekly

Source: Universal Press Syndicate; April 2, 2002

by Maggie Gallagher

[Pro-Life Infonet Note: Maggie Gallagher is a nationally syndicated
columnist who frequently writes on pro-life topics and issues.]

I have been meditating on both the extraordinary power and fragility of
words.

The Declaration of Independence was mere words, only a piece of paper: "We
hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, and
are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among
these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness."

Words like these can change history while they resonate in men's minds,
but can also be rendered impotent in an instant, when we close our hearts
and minds to their meaning. For the equality of human beings is (as the
declaration acknowledges) a secular expression of a sacred belief. The
surface reality is that some people are stronger, richer, and more
beautiful, able, powerful, useful and desirable than others.

It is thus always surprisingly easy to degrade the status of some human
beings to the point where we lose the horror of killing them. That was the
first of many disturbing reflections I received from an important new
book, "The Case Against Assisted Suicide" (Johns Hopkins University Press,
$49.95), edited by Dr. Kathleen Foley, one of the nation's premier pain
and palliative care experts, and Dr. Herbert Hendin, a psychiatrist at New
York Medical College and a leading suicide expert.

Back in 1942, for example, the distinguished American Journal of
Psychiatry saw fit to publish the following professional recommendation:
"I believe when the defective child shall have reached the age of 5 years
... I believe it is the merciful and kindly thing to relieve that
defective -- often tortured and convulsed, grotesque and absurd, useless
and foolish, and entirely undesirable -- of the agony of living." Note the
language dignifying the doctor who kills and dehumanizing the patient to
be killed. You will hear this language over and over again. This is the
way advocates of killing people talk.

The reaction against the Nazi practice of deeming life unworthy of living
halted this kind of professional discourse. But only temporarily. Today a
distinguished Princeton professor of something called "bioethics," Peter
Singer, explicitly rejects the declaration that all human beings have
rights: "The right to life is not a right of members of the species Homo
sapiens; it is ... a right that properly belongs to persons. Not all
members of the species Homo sapiens are persons." Babies can be killed if
parents want it. Romans believed that too, before Constantine's
conversion.

In the Netherlands, one out of 20 Dutch who die is killed by a physician.
After killing so often, you lose the horror of it. Half of Dutch doctors
have no problem suggesting to patients that being killed might be a good
idea. More than 1,000 Dutch patients each year are killed by doctors
without the patient's consent. One Dutch woman with breast cancer who said
she did not want euthanasia was killed anyway because, in the doctor's
words, "It could have taken another week before she died. I just needed
this bed."

Yet research shows that most patients requesting suicide are depressed or
suffering from poor management of their symptoms, and when offered good
palliative care recover a sense of meaning and dignity facing death.

But the most telling new thing I learned in "The Case Against Assisted
Suicide" is the culture of silence imposed on doctors in Oregon (which
legalized assisted suicide). A section of the law forbids professional
medical associations or health-care providers (including individual
doctors and nurses) from censuring doctors who participate (or refuse to
participate) in assisted suicide.

Is killing a patient ever a proper medical function? Oregon's assisted
suicide law forbids professional medical organizations from even
considering this question. To care and to kill become semantically and
morally indistinguishable, two types of medical procedures. In this and a
hundred other ways, a right to die becomes both a right to kill and a duty
to get out of the way.

New Study Shows Abortion Increases Depression Risks

From: The Pro-Life Infonet Weekly

Subject: New Study Shows Abortion Increases Depression Risks
Source: Elliot Institute; April 24, 2002

Springfield, IL -- After she was raped by a member of her school's
football team, high school cheerleader Lorraine Williams thought abortion
was her best -- even her only -- choice. Only decades later did she
realize how much the abortion had emotionally affected her.

''I actually never tied the abortion to the chronic depression I had,''
Williams said. ''To tell you the truth, it was almost 35 years
later...that I began to talk about it and this literally came up. I had no
idea that I had buried it so deep.''

Williams is not alone. A study recently published in the prestigious
British Medical Journal examined a national sample of 1,086 American women
who had a history of unintended first pregnancies. Depression scores
revealed that women who had abortions had significantly higher risk of
clinical depression compared to women who delivered unintended
pregnancies.

''These findings are consistent with other research linking abortion to
higher subsequent rates of suicide, substance abuse, and other
psychological reactions,'' said lead researcher Dr. David Reardon,
director of the Elliot Institute, which undertook the study. ''What makes
this study especially important, however, is that it looked at depression
rates for a number of years after abortion and reveals that the link
between abortion and higher depression rates persists over at least eight
years.''

Psychotherapist Dr. Theresa Burke, founder of Rachel's Vineyard
post-abortion ministries, said she has seen many women haunted by
depression after abortion. More than 6,000 women have participated in
Rachel's Vineyard retreats that are held throughout the country.

''Most of women I have counseled experienced moderate to severe depression
at some point after their abortions,'' said Burke, who co-authored the new
book Forbidden Grief: The Unspoken Pain of Abortion with Reardon. ''Sadly,
many found their experiences dismissed by their families, friends, and
even their therapists. Their grief is often ignored.''

At the National Memorial for the Unborn in Chattanooga, Tenn., thousands
have placed the names of their aborted children on a 50-foot granite
''Wall of Names.'' According to the memorial's administrator, Rita
Siegler, ''When couples see that their child and their experience with
abortion is validated and treated with dignity and respect, this can help
them attain a greater level of healing.''

Abortion Facility Prohibits Mother From Seeing Daughter Before Abortion

From: The Pro-Life Infonet Weekly
Subject: Abortion Facility Prohibits Mother From Seeing Daughter Before Abortion
Source: St. Louis Post Dispatch; February 23, 2002

Granite City, IL -- A mother who tried to enter a St. Louis-area abortion
facility to see her 16-year-old daughter last week was stopped by abortion
facility officials and local police.

Granite City Police Chief David Ruebhausen said the woman was seeking
entrance to the Hope Clinic abortion facility on Thursday morning when she
went across the street to the Gateway Regional Medical Center and found
one of his officers. Ruebhausen said she asked the officer to help allow
her to enter the abortion business. The officer called the station, and he
was instructed not to bring the woman into the abotion facility.

"Parental consent is not necessary," Ruebhausen said, explaining that the
Illinois abortion law allows minors to undergo abortions without the
permission or knowledge of their parents.

Ruebhausen said such incidents -- of parents asking police to help them
intervene in abortions or speak with their children who are inside
abortion facilities - happen occasionally. But, he said, the law does not
allow his officers to intervene on behalf of the parents.

The mother could not be reached for comment.

A group of protesters who were at the clinic Thursday morning said the
mother told them that she had received a call from her daughter's high
school alerting her to her daughter's absence. The mother then learned
from her daughter's friend that her daughter was at the Hope Clinic
abortion business, said Angela Michael, one of the protesters. Michael
said the mother was not allowed into the abortion facility until several
hours after she first requested to see her daughter.

"I just stood there holding her and praying with her," Michael said.

Hope Clinic executive director Sally Burgess said she would not comment on
the cases of specific girls seeking abortions for legal and privacy
reasons. She said "uninvited visitors" rarely come to the abortion
facility looking for girls during an abortion, "but it does happen."

When it does, she said, "We're going to tell the patient what's going on."

"We always encourage our patients to talk to their parents," Burgess said.
"But if the teen-ager is adamant, we're going to respect her privacy."

Abortion facilities have faced increasing scrutiny from Congress because
of their tactics that prey on teen girls and encourage them to get around
the parental involvement laws of their home state.

Some abortion facilities, such as the Hope Clinic in Granite City, operate
in a location on the other side of the state border from a large city in a
state that requires a teen to notify her parents before having an
abortion. The Child Custody Protection Act pending in Congress would
prohibit abortion facilities from conducting such secret abortions.

A leading pro-life advocate in Missouri said teens from her state drive a
few minutes across the Illinois border to the abortion facility in Granite
City and encouraged Illinois to pass a similar parental involvement law to
curb the situation.

"I know that we all sympathize with the desperation that the mother of
this young girl must have felt as she stood outside trying to save her
daughter and her grandchild," explained Pam Manning, president of Missouri
Right to Life. "To even imagine that this could happen shows how totally
perverse the abortion business is and the lie they make of their comment
that they encourage the girls to consult with their parents. "

"I hope that this shockingly tragic incident is the impetus that the
Illinois legislature needs to finally pass parental consent legislation. I
only hope that this sad tale reaches every person in Illinois so something
will push the legislators to fix this abomination," Manning added.

The Silent Holocaust

New Zealand War Dead

Each Cross represents 250 servicemen killed;

Boer War ( 1899 - 1901) 230 dead

†

World War 1 (1914 - 1919) 18,166 dead

††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††

††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††

World War 2 (1939 - 1945) 11,623 dead

††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††

††††††

Korean War (1950 - 1953) 35 dead

< †

Vietnam War (1966 - 1972) 37 dead

< †

New Zealand's war on the Unborn

Since 1977 over 200,000 unborn children killed.(Since we created this graphic the total killed is now over 300,000 March 2005)

Each cross represents 250 unborn children killed

††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††

Source: War dead

Page 80 from The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History, edited by Ian McGibbon, with the assistance of Paul Goldstone, published by Oxford University Press, 2000.

Source: Abortion data

Statistics New Zealand

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